{
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  "title": "Article on netfull.org",
  "icon": "https://avatars.micro.blog/avatars/2026/29/6122.jpg",
  "home_page_url": "https://netfull.org/",
  "feed_url": "https://netfull.org/feed.json",
  "items": [
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2024/12/16/moral-excellence.html",
        "title": "Moral Excellence",
        "content_html": "<p><a href=\"https://blog.ayjay.org/unforgiven/\">unforgiven – The Homebound Symphony</a></p>\n<blockquote>…Isaac with his indifference to any moral excellence he himself does not care to practice…</blockquote>\nHow much of our self-righteous conflict emerges from the result that we each, being limited, fight our moral battles on particular fields, and when we find others who have left our chosen fields to fight in others, deny them moral excellence?\n<p>Our moral rubrics are always weighted toward our passions.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2024-12-16T12:30:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2024/12/16/moral-excellence.html",
        "tags": ["Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2024/12/10/new-old-typewriter.html",
        "title": "New Old Typewriter",
        "content_html": "<p>I was inspired by <a href=\"https://boffosocko.com/2024/11/30/on-the-value-of-typewriters\">Chris Aldrich&rsquo;s post</a> to purchase, clean, and repair an old typewriter. I never realized what marvels these things are. This instrument works just about as well as it did in the forties.</p>\n<p> </p>\n<img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-891\" src=\"https://cdn.uploads.micro.blog/358493/2026/4c300eeb99.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\">\n<p>It makes me think about machines a bit differently.</p>\n<img class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-890\" src=\"https://cdn.uploads.micro.blog/358493/2026/e3b2d49883.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"151\">\n<p> </p>\n",
        "date_published": "2024-12-10T08:50:53-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2024/12/10/new-old-typewriter.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2024/11/19/stories-about-reality.html",
        "title": "Stories about reality",
        "content_html": "<p>Because Large Language Models are trained on human language about reality, their chatbots can often sound like they are in touch with reality. Sometimes they give remarkably lucid responses about things in the world that we would all agree with. But that can hide the fact that these models have <em>no</em> basis in reality whatsoever…only in the recorded interpretations of reality available to them.</p>\n<p>Humans are meaning making machines. We are constantly interpreting the randomness of the world as stories which more or less work, but may also not be objectively true. This is why the events of the world continue to surprise us, or cause us anguish when they do not fit into our stories.</p>\n<p>Chatbots don’t do that because they don’t know reality, just our stories about reality.</p>\n<p>It would be like asking someone about the ocean who has read many books about the ocean, but has never actually experienced the ocean. You could learn a lot, but you’d always be a layer or two (philosophers can argue about this) removed from reality. And I think that makes a difference.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2024-11-19T11:03:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2024/11/19/stories-about-reality.html",
        "tags": ["Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2024/10/28/other-peoples-projects.html",
        "title": "Other People's Projects",
        "content_html": "<p><a href=\"https://pluralistic.net/2024/10/26/one-weird-trick/\">Pluralistic: Keeping a suspense file gives you superpowers (26 Oct 2024) – Pluralistic: Daily links from Cory Doctorow</a></p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>This is not an imposition, it’s a kindness. The point of a suspense file isn’t to nag others into living up to their commitments, it’s to form a network of support among collaborators where we all help one another make those conscious choices about what we’re not going to do, rather than having the stuff we really value slip away because we forgot about it.</p>\n</blockquote>\n<p>This is important…I’ve often wondered about good boundaries around reminding other people of their obligations. Should I send out a reminder email about the meeting, or assume we’re all adults? Instead of seeing it though through the expectation of perfection, if I admit that we all need help (this is why I have a <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_Things_Done\">Getting Things Done</a> system after all), reminding others turns into a collaborative system in which we’re all trying to do our best.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2024-10-28T06:42:43-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2024/10/28/other-peoples-projects.html",
        "tags": ["Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2023/02/08/fences.html",
        "title": "Fences",
        "content_html": "<p><a href=\"https://www.sefaria.org/Pirkei_Avot.1.1?lang=bi&p2=English_Explanation_of_Pirkei_Avot.1.1.1&lang2=bi\">Pirkei Avot 1:1 &amp; English Explanation of Pirkei Avot 1:1:1 from the Talmud</a></p>\n<blockquote>Making a fence around the Torah is another principle of supreme importance in Judaism. There are many laws that are not strictly obligatory upon a person from the Torah, but rather were instituted by the Rabbis to prevent a Jew from transgressing a Torah law. An example is the use of money on Shabbat. The Torah itself does not prohibit using money on Shabbat. However, the Rabbis said one should not do so, lest one write, which is prohibited by the Torah (at least the midrashic understanding of the Torah).</blockquote>\nPrior to legalism, with which my <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism\">theological background</a> is very concerned, there is a purpose for rules – to keep us out of trouble. I like the image of the fence one puts up to keep others from coming into harm. Here, the Talmud means the ‘lesser laws’ which keep one from encroaching on the Torah commandments. But really, aren’t all the rules a fence? They try to keep us from coming into harm. Just because we are bound to fixate on the fence and abuse it doesn’t mean it wasn’t put up with gentle kindness in mind. Even when we are impaled on it.\n",
        "date_published": "2023-02-08T22:55:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2023/02/08/fences.html",
        "tags": ["Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2023/02/07/the-american-crisis-discourse.html",
        "title": "The American Crisis Discourse",
        "content_html": "<p><a href=\"https://blog.ayjay.org/44374-2/\">The Homebound Symphony</a></p>\n<blockquote>But goodness, is it difficult to get many editors interested in books that aren’t somehow implicated in (or can somehow be shoehorned into) the American crisis discourse.</blockquote>\nThe “American crisis discourse” is real and I think I’m infected: I often come across ideas and wonder where they fit into our crises. There is a difference between “how does this idea apply to now” and “how does this idea fit into the current outrage discourse.”\n",
        "date_published": "2023-02-07T21:23:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2023/02/07/the-american-crisis-discourse.html",
        "tags": ["Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2023/02/06/a-treadmill-for-the-mind.html",
        "title": "A Treadmill for the Mind",
        "content_html": "<p>As a long time user and admirer of Apple’s products, I find myself in a new situation: I am not only unenthusiastic about the anticipated virtual reality headset – I’m against the whole idea. The headset sure seems like a step in the wrong direction for a company that recently has been so focused on health. In what way does a VR headset contribute to health? Mental, physical, social, whatever?</p>\n<p>Steve Jobs was famous for using the analogy of the bicycle. Like a bicycle, a computer can enhance the natural power of a human. It’s like a bicycle for the mind. I’ve used my iPhone to help me find my destination. I’ve used my Apple Watch to help me train for athletic competitions. Bicycles.</p>\n<p>Maybe I have poor imagination, but I can’t see a VR headset enhancing my natural power. Only tricking it. Sure, I can attend a more visceral virtual meeting. Maybe the attendees will even <a href=\"https://www.pcmag.com/news/zuckerberg-finally-adds-legs-to-his-metaverse\">have legs</a>. But it’s still a virtual meeting. Something that feels more real isn’t actually more real or healthy.</p>\n<p>In that way, a VR headset feels more like a treadmill. You can move a lot, but never go anywhere.</p>\n<p>It’s a treadmill for the mind.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2023-02-06T01:23:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2023/02/06/a-treadmill-for-the-mind.html",
        "tags": ["Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/09/20/ten-minutes-of-peace.html",
        "title": "Ten Minutes of Peace",
        "content_html": "<p>If you use an iOS device and you’ve upgraded to iOS 12, do yourself a favor and add this Shortcut, <a href=\"https://www.icloud.com/shortcuts/9944fb2be0f648778a717e95bcbe9fdc\">“Ten Minutes of Peace”</a>. You’ll need to download Apple’s Shortcuts app if you haven’t already.</p>\n<p>All it does is turn on your Do Not Disturb setting for ten minutes and then turn it back off again. But during that time – no buzzing, dinging, vibrating: bliss.</p>\n<p><a href=\"https://www.macstories.net/stories/ios-12-the-macstories-review/8/#add-to-siri\">Add it to Siri</a> and get yourself ten minutes of peace just by asking.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2018-09-20T12:45:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/09/20/ten-minutes-of-peace.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/08/03/is-facebook-evil-everything-bad.html",
        "title": "Is Facebook evil? Everything bad about Facebook is bad for the same reason — Quartz",
        "content_html": "<p><a href=\"https://qz.com/1342757/everything-bad-about-facebook-is-bad-for-the-same-reason/\">Is Facebook evil? Everything bad about Facebook is bad for the same reason — Quartz</a></p>\n<p>Without question, Facebook enables brutal and immoral hatemongers. I can hear Facebook arguing that they cannot possibly take a stand on moral issues without becoming censors and losing objectivity. Facebook cannot make those decisions without messing up a lot of the time. I agree. Its scale is just too massive.</p>\n<p>That’s just the thing: Facebook can’t admit it, but it’s possible that the most moral thing is for Facebook <em>not</em> to exist.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2018-08-03T17:29:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/08/03/is-facebook-evil-everything-bad.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/03/31/seven-books-i-have-loved.html",
        "title": "Seven Books I Have Loved",
        "content_html": "<p>I can’t say ‘favorite’ because these are basically the earliest books I loved, or the latest books I have loved.</p>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<em>Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance</em> by Robert Pirsig</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<em>A Field Guide to Ecology of Eastern Forests; North America</em> by John C. Kricher and Gordon Morrison</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<em>How to Be an Adult in Relationships: The Five Keys to Mindful Loving</em> by David Richo</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<em>Beloved</em> by Toni Morrison</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<em>Daring Greatly</em> by Brené Brown</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<em>A People’s History of the United States</em> by Howard Zinn</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>\n<em>How the Mind Works</em> by Steven Pinker</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n",
        "date_published": "2018-03-31T03:17:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/03/31/seven-books-i-have-loved.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/03/24/oscar-romero-may.html",
        "title": "Oscar Romero, May 11, 1973",
        "content_html": "<blockquote>Even when they call us mad,\nwhen they call us subversives and communists\nand all the epithets they put on us,\nwe know that we only preach the subversive witness of the Beatitudes,\nwhich have turned everything upside down\nto proclaim blessed the poor,\nblessed the thirsting for justice,\nblessed the suffering.\n</blockquote>\n",
        "date_published": "2018-03-24T21:45:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/03/24/oscar-romero-may.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/03/21/im-not-driving.html",
        "title": "I’m Not Driving",
        "content_html": "<p>I love my iPhone’s <em>Do Not Disturb</em> feature which mutes the parade of bells and vibrations that come from it. I use it at night so I’m not woken up to the ding of some robot account which liked one of my Instagram photos from four years ago.</p>\n<p>I’ve always wanted to use it for temporary moments throughout my day when I don’t want to <em>be disturbed,</em> but after forgetting to turn it off and missing important messages on several occasions, I stopped trusting it for this purpose. It’s just too easy to miss the little moon icon up there reminding me.</p>\n<p>But with iOS 11, Apple introduced a related feature: <em>Do Not Disturb While Driving.</em> It holds back on notifications like its older cousin of a feature, but it also won’t let you interact with the phone while it’s on. You have to press an additional button asserting “I’m Not Driving.” My phone automatically turns this on when I’m in the car, which is annoying in the short term, but better for me overall.</p>\n<p>But I’ve actually started to manually turn on the feature – you can put it in Control Center – for those temporary moments of peace. And because of the way the feature is designed, <strong>it won’t let me use my phone until I turn it off.</strong> This way I can’t forget it’s on so long as I try to use my phone.</p>\n<p>Which is too often.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2018-03-21T09:51:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/03/21/im-not-driving.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/03/20/daring-fireball-facebook-security-chief.html",
        "title": "Daring Fireball: Facebook Security Chief Said to Leave After Clashes Over Disinformation",
        "content_html": "<blockquote>That Sandberg and (presumably) Zuckerberg resisted investigating and disclosing everything they could about how the Russians took advantage of them says everything you need to know about them.</blockquote>\nThe power that Facebook stewards is almost unimaginable, yet goes unchecked by regulation. I realize this is new territory for humanity, but leaving our fastest growing source of power in the hands of just a couple tech moguls is profoundly short sited.\n",
        "date_published": "2018-03-20T02:27:31-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/03/20/daring-fireball-facebook-security-chief.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/03/15/the-horse.html",
        "title": "The Horse",
        "content_html": "<p>I’m stepping into a great big backyard. It’s familiar, yet new to me. It stretches on farther than I can see. It’s nice. I notice in the middle of the yard, there’s a small trailer. It makes me nervous because it looks…a little damaged. As I approach it, I can hear breathing sounds, quickening. There is a small window. I look in. I connect eyes briefly with a wild stallion and as soon as it sees me it panics. Jumping, kicking in the trailer. I fall backwards and then stumble up and away from the trailer.</p>\n<p>Sitting on the porch I stare at the trailer. I can see it moving. The horse is pacing. I’m wondering what to do about it. I ignore it. I walk around it as far as possible, but I can’t stop thinking about it. At night I can hear the sounds.</p>\n<p>So I throw a party. Loud music. Lots of people. There’s some caution tape around the trailer so no one gets hurt. And…for a moment…Yes! The sound is drowned. I’m feeling better than I’ve felt in a while. To keep it up, I drink, I laugh, I get a little reckless. Until I pass out.</p>\n<p>But then the people are gone. The music has died. The drinks are out. And I can hear the horse and it’s angry. I’m angry. I can’t sleep, I can’t be free.</p>\n<p>But I also have kerosene. I don’t know what this horse’s problem is, but it won’t calm down: I don’t really have a choice. Don’t judge me; I’m putting it out of its misery. As I pour the fuel around the trailer, the horse kicks wildly. The trailer may collapse before I’m done.</p>\n<p>It doesn’t.</p>\n<p>I watch the flames safely from the porch. I don’t know if I should say some words or something, but I wouldn’t know what to say. I didn’t even know its name. The trailer was moving, but now it isn’t. I feel sad.</p>\n<p>The sadness kept me up all night, but the dawn’s light gives me hope. Smoke rises from the burnt out trailer which is still pretty intact. I approach slowly. Why am I so scared? As peer around the corner I’m breathless; I hear nothing inside.</p>\n<p>But I see them. Eyes, open and sad but fierce. It kicks and neighs; I scream and recoil. Backwards, I fall.</p>\n<p>Darkness.</p>\n<p>Silence.</p>\n<p>I must have hit my head. I’m on the ground and I slowly realize I’ve been lying just a few feet from a wild creature trapped in an attempted murder site. As my eyes regain focus they fall upon the horse’s eyes. It’s lying down, but its head is raised. I never noticed how beautiful its eyes are. There’s fire still in them.</p>\n<p>I climb to my feet. So does the horse. I slowly approach. It breathes faster. Its knees are quivering and I realize mine are too. I can feel the hair on the back of my neck. It breathes loudly and I want to run. I have to run.</p>\n<p>But I don’t. I just stay. As I keep breathing, I notice its scars. They’re from me. It hurts me to look at them. But I keep looking at them. The horse keeps breathing, too.</p>\n<p>I stay. It hurts, but I stay. I just…stay.</p>\n<p>I’ve lost track of time, but…sometime…later I notice the door on the back of the trailer. I do something risky: I unlock it. The horse watches me. I throw open the door and light streams in. The horse shivers and watches me.</p>\n<p>It trusts me, so I climb on and we ride out together into the great country that surrounds us, faster than I could ever go on my own, feeling a dangerous wildness and an exhilarating trust.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2018-03-15T09:31:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/03/15/the-horse.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/03/04/internet-friends-how-we-met.html",
        "title": "Internet Friends: 1: How We Met on the Internet",
        "content_html": "<p><a href=\"http://www.internetfriends.show/1\">This podcast </a> about the internet and society really resonated with me, in particular, how each of the hosts described a time of great optimism for what the web could be, and how it’s all become pretty complicated and, um, disappointing in 2018.</p>\n<p>So I thought about it and came up with my great (naive?) period of hope for the web. It was about 2006. I had stumbled upon a couple internet communities that were flourishing…</p>\n<p>One was <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_show_with_zefrank\">the show with zefrank</a>, a quirky video blog that used a bunch of short, creative, and confessional segments by its creator. But notably it also encouraged, facilitated, and shared back contributions from the people who followed it. People were asked to (and did) submit little pieces of songs or sounds or pictures that Ze would put together in creative ways. The people who became <em>the show</em>’s community helped produce these cathartic pieces of group art. In today’s world — where groups of guys who’ve forgotten whether they are ironically or earnestly neo-nazis organize to abuse others on the internet — remembering old episodes of <em>the show</em> feels like remembering the internet’s Garden of Eden.</p>\n<p>The other community was <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_(radio_show)\">Radio Open Source</a>, a public radio show and podcast hosted by Christopher Lydon (a name associated with the very beginnings of podcasting.) The setup of the show and the wide range of topics it covered fostered this incredible conversation on its website. Listeners shared insight from all kinds of perspectives that enhanced the context of each show and steered the direction of the next one.</p>\n<p><em>Open Source</em> has been through several incarnations through the years, and still <a href=\"http://radioopensource.org\">exists</a>, although I don’t think the community still does in the same way.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2018-03-04T04:56:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/03/04/internet-friends-how-we-met.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/03/01/pastor-lura-n-groen-spiritual.html",
        "title": "Pastor Lura N. Groen: Spiritual Abuse at the Meeting at ULS regarding Dr Latini",
        "content_html": "<blockquote>I understand Dr. Latini’s desire to control her own story and her own identity.  And yet she has applied and accepted a position as a public face of a religious institution before being able to talk about parts of her religious life that were very public.  Public theologians, and public representatives of institutions, need to be able to take responsibility for their public record, and to explain previous writings and actions.</blockquote>\nContext <a href=\"https://luragroen.blogspot.com/2018/02/tw-conversion-therapy-general-church_28.html\">here</a>.\n<p>I agree with Lura. There is a crucially important distinction between personal repentance and redemption and public accountability.</p>\n<p>I expect more from the president and board of my <em>alma mater</em> or any institution.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2018-03-01T21:10:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/03/01/pastor-lura-n-groen-spiritual.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/02/16/safety.html",
        "title": "Safety",
        "content_html": "<p>Sen. Marco Rubio, in <a href=\"http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/politicsnow/la-pn-marco-rubio-nra-20140425-story.html\">2014</a>, in a bid to raise his NRA rating from a <code class=\"highlighter-rouge\">B+</code> to an <code class=\"highlighter-rouge\">A</code>:</p>\n<blockquote>The safety of our families is not something people should hope government can provide.</blockquote>\nMartin Luther and the Reformers, in 1530, in the <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession\">Augsburg Confession:</a>\n<blockquote>[Government defends] not minds, but bodies and bodily things against manifest injuries, and restrain[s] men with the sword and bodily punishments in order to preserve civil justice and peace.</blockquote>\nI’d wager more Americans would agree with the 500 year old statement than with Sen. Rubio’s.\n",
        "date_published": "2018-02-16T18:23:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/02/16/safety.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/02/09/explicit-bias.html",
        "title": "Explicit Bias",
        "content_html": "<p>If your skin is white, like mine, I urge you to take the online <a href=\"https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/takeatest.html\">Implicit Bias</a> test conducted by Harvard University. They have several, but I’m specifically talking about the White-Black bias test.</p>\n<p>You won’t like the results. Most of us white folk put a lot of energy into <em>appearing</em> to be unbiased based on race. Most of us get very defensive if called a racist. I admit to having a certain amount of ill-founded pride in being ‘very tolerant’ towards race — so I was very disappointed to find the test revealed that I had a certain amount of implicit bias. In other words, I automatically have a stronger positive feeling towards people of lighter skin than darker skin.</p>\n<p>My first response (which is typical for people taking the test) was to blame the test. After all, I think racism is evil, and all prejudice based on skin color is wrong, and even dumb. But what the test measures is our ‘gut response,’ formed before the thinking part of the brain kicks in. Just take it and you’ll see what I mean.</p>\n<p>Now that I’ve calmed down, I know it’s true. My experiences, conversations, media, and curricula have taught me to see dark skin in a more negative way. Think of a Disney villain…I’ll bet they have darker skin than the Hero. How many Bad Guys can you think of that have dark skin? How many mugshots have you seen on the news of folks with dark skin? I didn’t ask for this. But I am responsible for my response. These experiences form my automatic bias, and if I pass them on uncritically…well, I’m not one of the Good Guys.</p>\n<p>I’m not a Bad Guy for <em>having</em> implicit bias, but my responsibility is to stop uncritically accepting the ways that my bias gets passed on or tolerated. I have to start with myself, so I’ve developed a list of ‘explicit biases’ that I want to train myself in. Just as our negative implicit biases take a while to learn, so will my correction to them.</p>\n<p>When I encounter a person that is culturally, socially, economically distant from me, I run through a list. I affirm in my head that this person:</p>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>is different from anyone else on the planet</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>has a rich inner life that I may or may not see</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>has an education that I don’t</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>is embedded in family relationships, some of which may be complicated</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>is embedded in social relationships, some of which may be complicated</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>is a Child of God</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\nIt might seem clumsy, but I already make those assumptions about people I find very similar to me. Either way, I am convinced that my moral responsibility to change racism does not stop at passively deciding something is wrong, but includes actively changing the way it works through me. In this case, it starts with rewiring my brain.\n",
        "date_published": "2018-02-09T13:06:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/02/09/explicit-bias.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/01/30/doors-and-walls.html",
        "title": "Doors and Walls",
        "content_html": "<p>I’ve been finding myself feeling frazzled pretty regularly which is something that happens when I haven’t taken time to review everything going on in my life from a ‘big picture’ perspective. Tasks are essential, but without a larger sense of goals and priorities they just become turns around the hamster wheel.</p>\n<p>The problem for me is that I <em>cannot</em> get the big picture perspective without slowing down, stepping back, and doing honest-to-god thinking. And because I’m an introvert, I <em>cannot</em> do that in the midst of other people. I really have to take some time by myself to do that.</p>\n<p>My office has a door and walls. The walls are permanent and meant to keep the environment out, and me in. The door, however, opens and closes – alternatively allowing things going in and out and then stopping things going in and out.</p>\n<p>I’ve not been treating the door that way. I see the open door as symbolic of my openness to people. I like people and God knows I want them to like me. So I leave it open almost all the time. As if the door were a wall and of course I don’t want to put up walls between me and people.</p>\n<p>But the alternative is not between walls and unrestricted access: I have a door. My door is here to <em>selectively</em> enforce boundaries that I – and I imagine, everyone else – need. There are times when I need to temporarily close off open access to me so that I can do some deep, reflective work. I may only need this a couple hours all week. But I do need it, and the door helps me take that time.</p>\n<p>I need to be able to close my door without feeling like I’m putting up a wall. I’m just closing the door now, so I can better welcome others through it later.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2018-01-30T11:45:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/01/30/doors-and-walls.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/01/29/how-this-site-is-built.html",
        "title": "How This Site is Built",
        "content_html": "<p><strong>Update <em>to the</em> Update: </strong>Site is now hosted on Wordpress with IndieWeb plugins.</p>\n<p><strong>Update:</strong> I’m now putting my microblog posts into the same stream as my blog posts. This required some pretty major changes to the structure of the site since my plugin options are limited on Github Pages. You can now subscribe to just the full (titled) posts, just the microblog posts, or both (the default feed.)</p>\n<p>Here’s how I post blog posts to <code class=\"highlighter-rouge\"><a href=\"http://www.netfull.org\">www.netfull.org</a></code> and microblog posts to <code class=\"highlighter-rouge\"><a href=\"http://www.netfull.org/microblog\">www.netfull.org/microblog</a></code> as well as <a href=\"https://micro.blog\">Micro.blog</a>…</p>\n<p>My blog, this blog, which is trying to tie together the various threads I’m interested in, is now hosted on <a href=\"https://pages.github.com\">Github Pages</a>. It’s a static site built by <a href=\"https://jekyllrb.com/\">Jekyll</a> which means that Github builds it automatically every time I update the files.</p>\n<p>The nice thing about building the site this way is it’s always under version control so there’s always a trail of bread crumbs back to any previous version of the site. I can revert back in time to fix the mistakes I regularly make while coding it. Also, the source is public so you can <a href=\"https://github.com/kbro237/kbro237.github.io\">see</a> the mistakes yourself.</p>\n<p>I’ve been intrigued by Manton Reese’s <a href=\"https://micro.blog\">Micro.blog</a> project as an independent way to publish little thoughts and to have a little dialogue back and forth. Like the way I once thought Twitter should work, but without all the baggage. Twitter’s annoying attempts at monetization are understandable; Twitter’s enabling of White Supremacy, misogyny, and genocidal nuclear threats are unconscionable.</p>\n<p>I really recommend you give it a try. I also recommend you pay a few dollars a month and get Micro.blog’s hosted service unless you really want to sink some hours into a painful, substandard, DIY system like mine.</p>\n<p><del>For now ‘microblog’ posts, which you can think of like Tweets, don’t show up in the main JSON/RSS feed or on the homepage. Instead, they live on the Microblog part of my site.</del> To get that set up, I relied heavily on excellent posts by <a href=\"https://brightlycolored.org/2017/02/creating-a-microblog-with-jekyll/\">Tim Smith</a>, <a href=\"http://rosskimes.net/2018/01/microblog/\">Ross Kimes</a>, and <a href=\"https://www.thecave.com/2017/04/21/how-i-post-to-my-jekyll-site-using-my-iphone/\">Kirby Turner</a>. You make fewer mistakes when you stand on the shoulders of others.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2018-01-29T01:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/01/29/how-this-site-is-built.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2018/01/24/health.html",
        "title": "Health",
        "content_html": "<p>I spent way too much of 2017 sick.</p>\n<p>My goal for 2018 is to be much healthier. Some causes of illness are out of my control (like having small children in the house) but many are in my control. Here are some things I should do to be healthier:</p>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>sleep at least 7.5 hours a night</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>make a smoothie for breakfast daily</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>wash hands every scene change</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>keep hands off face</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>go to the gym weekly</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>do yoga a couple times a week</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>do meditation daily</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n",
        "date_published": "2018-01-24T01:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2018/01/24/health.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2017/11/29/comfort-in-beliefs.html",
        "title": "Comfort in Beliefs",
        "content_html": "<p>I think there’s a difference between taking comfort in my beliefs and taking comfort in <em>my own understanding</em> of my beliefs.</p>\n<p>For example, if it comforts you that God is in control of the world – that’s fine. If it comforts you that you <em>understand</em> exactly who God is condemning – that’s troubling.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2017-11-29T01:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2017/11/29/comfort-in-beliefs.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2017/06/12/hungry-boy.html",
        "title": "Hungry, boy?",
        "content_html": "<p>Back in my freshman year of college, my roommate Jon had gotten involved with an on-campus Christian group that was also associated with – I think – Fellowship of Christian Athletes. Jon invited me to an event they organized and I was game. It wasn’t the kind of thing we often did, but I seem to remember a potential romantic relationship for one of us was at play.</p>\n<p>The event was an old fashioned BBQ with hay rides and everything on a farm outside of Gainesville. Really outside: I can remember how bright the stars were out there. The most notable part, however, was that this BBQ was hosted at the personal home of Sonny Tillman, the founder of Sonny’s BBQ. He is something of a legend in those parts. Guess he had a soft spot for FCA and provided his farm and all the Sonny’s food we could eat. nAnd I was ready for it. Doing a lot of cycling in those days, I could put away some calories. As I went through the line, I loaded up my plate with everything I could: pulled pork, beans, garlic bread – oh and ribs! I have to have ribs! My plate was full and then some, and I had to walk carefully back to a table.</p>\n<p>By chance, I happened to cross paths with Sonny himself as I was delicately navigating the crowded barn. He looked down at my overloaded plate and then at the 150 pound awkward 18-year-old holding it and said, in at least six syllables of deep southern drawl, “Hungry, boy?”</p>\n<p>I grinned sheepishly and said, “Yeah.”</p>\n<p>He said, “You better finish that plate, you hear?”</p>\n<p>And in one of the proud moments of my life up to that point, I did.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2017-06-12T00:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2017/06/12/hungry-boy.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2017/04/05/stress.html",
        "title": "Stress",
        "content_html": "<p>When I fall apart under stress it looks like this:</p>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>I become disillusioned with everything: with myself, with others, faith, etc. My cynicism which is often held at bay takes over. It’s hard to remain motivated.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>I get tired.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>I do not look for help; in fact, I probably avoid it. I tell myself it’s not good for me to show signs of weakness due to stress. Because then, I say, others will have to be inconvenienced.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>I do not think clearly or do my best work.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>I do not have courageous compassion for others.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n",
        "date_published": "2017-04-05T00:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2017/04/05/stress.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2017/01/04/jolene.html",
        "title": "Jolene",
        "content_html": "<p>Despite its sexist premise (it’s the other woman’s fault this man can’t honor his commitment?) and its dubious backstory (is he really the ‘only man’ for you if he would dump you for a soft-spoken ginger?), <em>Jolene</em> really is the best song ever written.</p>\n<p>It’s a masterclass in leaving you wanting more. The simple and elegant chord progression moves so pleasingly under the clever but natural rhymes of the verses, but just enough to give you a taste for more. I wish there were twelve more verses.</p>\n<p>But ultimately, it’s the naked pathos of one woman pleading with another to have pity. She has no other resources left; she’s arrived at her last resort: begging. Her happiness depends on Jolene and what she decides to do…and we never find out.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2017-01-04T01:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2017/01/04/jolene.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2016/09/30/the-greater-evil.html",
        "title": "The Greater Evil",
        "content_html": "<p>I have a feeling that many Americans will be going to the polls without a lot of passion for their candidate. You know, the whole ‘lesser of two evils’ idea. I have to confess that I am not exactly passionate about the candidate I’ll be voting for.</p>\n<p>But let me offer another motivation for voting: survival. No, not mine – as a white man, the American system already has a lot of momentum towards protecting my interests. I’ll be using my vote to help preserve others.</p>\n<p>We have a candidate who has consistently – in his life, in his campaign, and in his suggested policies – discriminated against, diminished, and endangered the lives of people of color, women, Muslims, immigrants, refugees, people with disabilities, and those he simply considers ‘losers.’ He has been endorsed by numerous white supremacist, nativist, and anti-Semitic groups that have never before endorsed a major candidate. Behind him are people who believe we would be ‘great again’ by controlling and diminishing the lives of certain classes of humans.</p>\n<p>For the sake of those fellow humans, cast your vote accordingly. No, we aren’t there yet, but despite his bleak, autocratic vision of the country, we could actually live up to the unfulfilled promise we started with that we are stronger when we not only tolerate but embrace the tired, poor, huddled masses yearning to breathe free. That we will be a better nation because of the free contributions of those who have been previously enslaved and destroyed because of fear. That real ‘greatness’ will come not from looking back toward a time of greater domination, but forward to a time of greater love.</p>\n<p>Even if you aren’t completely smitten with your candidate, be passionate about <em>that</em> when you go to the polls. And vote accordingly.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2016-09-30T00:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2016/09/30/the-greater-evil.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2016/09/22/a-communion-parable.html",
        "title": "A Communion Parable",
        "content_html": "<p>There once was a man who had a neighbor. The neighbor invited him to a great party. Food was shared. Everyone cared for each other and the man went home happy. He was surprised that the next week, his neighbor invited him over for another great party. He attended again and loved it again. The third week in a row, the neighbor invited the man to the party and the man became suspicious. “How can he afford to throw so many parties? Perhaps he is trying to trick us into doing something. I’ll not go. Besides, I’m tired of parties.”</p>\n<p>But the man noticed that week after week, the neighbor continued to throw parties for whoever came. Often there were people there he did not recognize. Week after week, the neighbor invited him to parties. The man pitied his neighbor and started calling him names behind his back.</p>\n<p>Then one day, the man took sick, lost his job, and could not afford to buy himself food. When his neighbor invited him to the party, he thought to himself, “what choice do I have? Besides, I want to see whether the parties are any good anymore.” When the man joined the party he found food and neighbors caring for each other just as he did at the first party. Tears filled his eyes as he realized he had been wrong about the neighbor.</p>\n<p>Without anything to contribute, the man asked his neighbor how he could help. “You can’t,” he said, but instead gave him all the leftovers from the meal. “It’s too much,” said the man. The neighbor simply said, “Then, that’s how you can help.”</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2016-09-22T00:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2016/09/22/a-communion-parable.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2015/09/29/music-ghosts.html",
        "title": "Music Ghosts",
        "content_html": "<p>When you make music, you call up a lot of ghosts. American music no less than any other.</p>\n<p>This country may be new, but its people are ancient.nWhen you play its music, you’re responsible – if not <em>to</em> them, then <em>for</em> them.</p>\n<p>If your melody waxes nostalgic for Dixie, then your words better talk the ghosts down.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2015-09-29T00:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2015/09/29/music-ghosts.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2015/09/10/phrases-that-are-always-lies.html",
        "title": "Phrases that are Always Lies",
        "content_html": "<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“The more, the merrier.”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“Be my guest.”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“No offense, but …”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“It’s not a threat; it’s a promise.”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“No pun intended.”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“Nothing to see here, folks.”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“This hurts me more than it hurts you.”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“People always ask me …”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“I’m not a racist, but …”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“Not to brag, but …”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“Well, I’m sorry that you …”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n \t<li>“… literally …”</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n",
        "date_published": "2015-09-10T00:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2015/09/10/phrases-that-are-always-lies.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2014/10/01/multitasking-considered-harmful.html",
        "title": "Multitasking Considered Harmful",
        "content_html": "<p>Clay Shirkey banned laptops in class even though he is a proponent of technology. But distraction is like secondhand smoke: it hurts us <em>and</em> the group. Our basic urges follow distraction down rabbit holes before we even have time to stop it. He now seems himself working together with students against these tendencies by banning devices.</p>\n<p>Attention is precious in our faith. The church should also work together, when appropriate, to limit distraction without demonizing technology.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2014-10-01T00:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2014/10/01/multitasking-considered-harmful.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2013/05/01/prayer-for-depth.html",
        "title": "Prayer for Depth",
        "content_html": "<p>My mom recently told me that when I was born, she sincerely prayed for me to have to particular qualities that would help me in my life.</p>\n<p>It’s funny because when my son was born, I also felt a deep desire to pray for something in particular for Henry. It’s hard to want something for someone who will have to eventually become his own person. I agree with <a href=\"http://www.merlinmann.com\">Merlin Mann</a> that the absolute best you can do for your child is allow them to be messed up in their own way. So I worry: if I pray for Henry to be calm, is it just because I don’t like noise? If I pray for him to be artistic, am I already trying to live vicariously through him?</p>\n<p>So here’s my prayer as I hold him in the hospital. I want him to know depth. I believe the world and every part of it is deep. I want him to just know that whatever he stands on, there are tectonic layers and plates stretching through time and space and all resting on a molten core that infinitely provides energy for everything he does.</p>\n<p>As much as I can avoid passing along fears, inadequacies, and all sorts of shortcomings, I want him to know that deep down, underneath his own quirks, that he is not alone. That there is a richness to the soil he is planted in and to never stop drawing from it.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2013-05-01T00:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2013/05/01/prayer-for-depth.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2013/04/22/richie-havens.html",
        "title": "Richie Havens",
        "content_html": "<p>When I was pretty young I read an article in Guitar Player about Richie Havens. Thirty years after the world saw him in the film <em>Woodstock,</em> he was still touring the country and playing threehundredsomething shows a year. You gotta respect the work ethic, but for someone who had been around for a while with many albums under his belt and connections with various organizations…why would he continue to tour almost nonstop?</p>\n<p>A couple years later, I was working stage crew in Clearwater and Richie Havens was playing. Before he went on, somehow he found out that my friend Jeff and I were fans. I guess it touched him that he had fans that were only like 15 years old. He closed the door to the greenroom and played a couple songs. For an audience of two. I figured out how he could keep up his touring schedule: he just loved to share the music.</p>\n<p>I thought about this story about two days ago. Richie Havens died today. If that sounds like a coincidence, it’s not. I think about this story about once a week anyways. Probably always will.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2013-04-22T00:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2013/04/22/richie-havens.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2012/01/10/four-reasons-why-i-procrastinate.html",
        "title": "Four Reasons Why I Procrastinate",
        "content_html": "<h2 id=\"the-obvious-one\">The Obvious One</h2>\nI just don’t want to do it.\n<p><strong>Solution:</strong> Just do it.</p>\n<h2 id=\"the-pernicious-one\">The Pernicious One</h2>\nI’m feeling guilty about not completing the task yet, but I would rather avoid it then deal with that feeling and the consequences. This one usually makes itself worse.\n<p><strong>Solution:</strong> Forgive myself for the delay. Then, just do it.</p>\n<h2 id=\"the-narcissistic-one\">The Narcissistic One</h2>\nI need the last minute pressure of the approaching deadline to force me give up on my silly perfectionism and accept less-than-perfect work from myself.\n<p><strong>Solution:</strong> Manage expectations about what kind of time and energy I can put into a project/task, then just do it.</p>\n<h2 id=\"the-cynical-one\">The Cynical One</h2>\nI’m nursing the task in my own task list because it keeps me in control of the project, instead of putting the ball in someone else’s court where it belongs.\n<p><strong>Solution:</strong> Sharing is caring, and I’m in the caring business. Let someone else do it.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2012-01-10T06:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2012/01/10/four-reasons-why-i-procrastinate.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2010/09/16/baptism-and-the-cross.html",
        "title": "Baptism and the Cross",
        "content_html": "<p><em>This essay was written for a class I took in seminary called\n“Interseminary Seminar” in which students from the local Lutheran,\nCatholic, and Baptist seminary each presented an essay exploring the\ntheme of baptism from their own faith tradition.</em></p>\n<h3 id=\"baptism-and-the-cross\">Baptism and the Cross</h3>\nOne perplexing focus of Lutheran theology is ‘Theology of the Cross.’\nThis concept has been variously used and confused since Martin Luther\nfirst alluded to it, but if anything, it’s been under-utilized. Though\ndifficult to describe, it gets at the heart of the paradoxes that\nLutherans are notorious for confessing. It provides a framework for\ntalking about God’s work, specifically on the cross, but also throughout\nScripture and throughout the life of the believer. By the cross I mean\nnot just the Roman system for punishment or Christ’s death and\nsuffering, but the totality of Christ’s life, death, resurrection, and\nascension. The connection I will make here is between theology of the\ncross and a Lutheran understanding of baptism. Through a series of\nopposites – wisdom and foolishness, death and life, law and gospel,\nglory and the cross, etc. – baptism and theology of the cross are deeply\nrelated. But more, I hope the connection is <em>useful</em>. In the\ndaily and continuous nature of baptism as dying and rising, the\nseemingly foolish work of God is done in the believer. For Lutherans,\nafter all, there is no theology for the sake of theology, but always for\nthe sake of God’s work: to produce faith in the hearts of believers.\n<h3 id=\"calling-a-thing-what-it-is\">Calling a Thing What It Is</h3>\nWhere can we find God? What do we know about God’s actions in the world\n<em>with certainty?</em> These questions, which are both ancient and\nmodern, are taken up decidedly in the Heidelberg Disputation, public\ntheses written by Martin Luther in A.D. 1518. Through a series of theses\nand their proofs, Luther defended his challenged teachings by setting\nforth a framework for theological discussion. While his Ninety-five\nTheses are more widely remembered historically, the Heidelberg\nDisputation is more important theologically.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"forde1997\"><a id=\"fnref1\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn1\"><sup>1</sup></a></span>\nIt is primarily from this document and Luther’s subsequent writings that\nmodern theologians (from Lutheran and other traditions) begin their work\ndescribing ‘theology of the cross.’\n<p>Broadly, theology of the cross in the Heidelberg Disputation deals with\nthe issue of revelation. How is God known? Luther’s ‘new theology’ is\npartly born out of his response to those church teachings which he saw\nas seeking the ‘invisible things of God’ through philosophy. But as\nLuther objects, God is never revealed through the works of man, and\nbecause of sin, God cannot be known fully known through creation. The\n<em>Mona Lisa</em> is beautiful, and the Grand Canyon is awe-inspiring,\nbut they cannot reveal the true nature of God to humans. Rather, God is\nrevealed as God chooses: indirectly, though suffering and weakness and\nby faith. A theology of the cross assumes Jesus on the cross is the\ndefinitive revelation of God to humanity. Luther’s contribution in the\nHeidelberg Disputation is insisting on limiting God’s revelation to\nGod’s terms. Theology of the cross, then, seeks God where God is to be\nfound – in Christ, for whoever has seen Christ has seen\nGod.<a id=\"fnref2\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn2\"><sup>2</sup></a></p>\n<p>It is impossible to systematically define this theology of the cross.\nIndeed, Luther spoke initially of what a <em>theologian</em> of the\ncross <em>does</em> rather than what a <em>theology</em> of the cross\n<em>is.</em> Even more challenging is that Luther describes this ‘new\ntheology’ in the form of opposites. The most basic definition of this\ntheology of the cross is that it is the opposite of a theology of\nglory.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"kolbcross\"><a id=\"fnref3\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn3\"><sup>3</sup></a></span>\nThe dichotomy is set between a theologian of the cross, and a theologian\nof glory. What, then, does a theologian of glory do?</p>\n<p>Thesis 21 of the Heidelberg Disputation states, “A theologian of glory\ncalls evil good and good evil. A theologian of the cross calls the thing\nwhat it actually is.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"lull\"><a id=\"fnref4\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn4\"><sup>4</sup></a></span>\nA theologian of glory is attracted to those things which <em>appear</em>\ngood: good works, glory, elegant ideas, strong positions. But this is\ncontrary to Christ’s revelation on the cross which comes through\nvictimization, suffering, foolishness, and weakness. Apart from Christ,\none naturally prefers “works to suffering, glow to the cross, strength\nto weakness, wisdom to folly, and, in general, good to evil.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"lull\"><a id=\"fnref5\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn5\"><sup>5</sup></a></span>\nThe forces of the world run on power, after all; might makes right.\nRight? But to not know Christ, who comes in weakness and suffering, is\nto not know God. A theologian of the cross affirms that God “can be\nfound only in suffering and the cross.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"lull\"><a id=\"fnref6\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn6\"><sup>6</sup></a></span>\nGod can <em>only</em> be found in the last place anyone would look: in\nweakness, in a victim. In a crib, on a cross.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"kolbcross\"><a id=\"fnref7\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn7\"><sup>7</sup></a></span>\nIndeed, theology of the cross operates in opposites. For Luther,\n‘calling a thing what it is’ meant facing the question of a terrible,\npunishing God and trusting in faith while professing hope. For the\nmodern theologian, it might mean facing the question of a non-existent\nGod and professing that same hope.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"root2009\"><a id=\"fnref8\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn8\"><sup>8</sup></a></span>\nIt should be made clear that while these two types of theologians are\nmutually exclusive, any individual is always both. A roster of pastors\nor a faculty of professors cannot be simply labeled either a theologian\nof the cross or a theologian of glory. Just as Lutherans affirm\n“Simultaneously Saint and Sinner” they would affirm “Simultaneously\nTheologian of the Cross and Theologian of Glory.”</p>\n<p>A theology of glory arises, says Luther, any time humanity presumes to\nknow God on human terms. The effect of sin (defined not simply as moral\nindiscretions but humanity’s enmity with God) is such that humanity is\nunable to grasp that which is God’s. Any attempt, then, to grasp God\nthrough human effort is a theology of glory. Theologies of glory are so\ndangerous, and thus so strongly rejected, because they lead to faith in\nthe theology, rather than faith in God:</p>\n<blockquote>What is revealed is precisely that we don’t know God. Our problem is not\nthat we lay claim to such little knowledge of God but that we think we\nknow so much. […] God refuses to be known according to the schemes of a\ntheology of glory.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"forde1997\"><a id=\"fnref9\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn9\"><sup>9</sup></a></span>\n</blockquote>\nIt may seem that theology of the cross rules out good works. In fact,\nLutherans would say that good works are done by God through the Spirit\nmore and more in the life of the baptized. But the work done is always\nGod’s alone, and not to be confused with its source. The greatest\ntemptation for the theologian of glory is to do good works or think good\nthoughts and put trust in them. Thus the Heidelberg Disputation:\n“Although the works of man always seem attractive and good, they are\nnevertheless likely to be\nmortal<a id=\"fnref10\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn10\"><sup>10</sup></a>\nsins,” and “[a]lthough the works of God always seem unattractive and\nappear evil, they are nevertheless really eternal merits.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"lull\"><a id=\"fnref11\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn11\"><sup>11</sup></a></span>\nIt is a difficult pill to swallow for theologians (ancient and modern)\nto confess that the very best human achievements are ‘filthy rags,’ and\nwithout merit. But those things or works which appear most good are most\nlikely to produce trust in the thing done, rather than God who\naccomplished it. On the contrary, the works of God appear as weakness\nand folly. The message of the cross is foolishness to those who are\nperishing. Because the world did not know God though wisdom, God saves\nthrough the foolishness of those who\nbelieve.<a id=\"fnref12\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn12\"><sup>12</sup></a>\n<h3 id=\"co-buried-with-christ\">Co-buried with Christ</h3>\nBaptism, rightly, holds multiple meanings for Christians. The range of\nthemes and meanings in Christian tradition comes from the biblical\nwitness itself. New Testament baptism can mean repentance, forgiveness\nof sins, washing of sins, and ‘putting on Christ.’ This discussion will\nfocus on one particular set of meanings – being claimed ‘in Christ’ by\nparticipating in his death and resurrection. It is this theme which is\nmost deeply connected to theology of the cross.\n<p>The Lutheran perspective is careful to say first that baptism belongs to\nGod. Although the rite is performed by a human, baptism ‘is nevertheless\ntruly God’s own act.’<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"boc\"><a id=\"fnref13\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn13\"><sup>13</sup></a></span>\nBaptism is done by God and to achieve God’s purpose: to save. Through\nthe lens of ‘assignment,’ baptism has been described as God claiming\nheirs: the baptized person does not become Christ’s by “placing himself\nunder Christ, but rather he <em>becomes</em> Christ’s […]” through\nbaptism.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"schlink\"><a id=\"fnref14\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn14\"><sup>14</sup></a></span>\nThe believer is assigned to Christ.</p>\n<p>Becoming Christ’s means not just bearing the name of Christ, but bearing\nthe cross. Baptism seals us with the cross for our life in Christ.\nThrough baptism we participate in the cross, that is, in death and\nresurrection. The theme of baptism as participation in Christ’s death\nand resurrection most directly comes from the sixth chapter of Romans.</p>\n<blockquote>Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus\nwere baptized into his death? Therefore we have been buried with him by\nbaptism into death, so that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by\nthe glory of the Father, so we too might walk in newness of\nlife.<a id=\"fnref15\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn15\"><sup>15</sup></a>\n</blockquote>\nPaul is describing a very real death to be experienced. This particular\ndeath is not an imitation of Christ made possible by baptism, or a\nsymbolic copy of Christ’s death, but an insertion into the “once-for-all\ndeath of Jesus Christ.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"schlink\"><a id=\"fnref16\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn16\"><sup>16</sup></a></span>\nIt should also not be completely individualized: Paul is talking about\nthe death of the old “dominion of sin, of which all believers were a\npart.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"tannehill1967\"><a id=\"fnref17\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn17\"><sup>17</sup></a></span>\nWhile baptism is indeed a washing and forgiveness of sins as the\nScriptures promise, it is also a real connection to the cross. Baptism\nbrings death to sin, but this event is not different from the saving\nwork of Jesus accomplished on the cross.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"schlink\"><a id=\"fnref18\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn18\"><sup>18</sup></a></span>\nBaptism looks back to the death of Jesus on the cross, but also forward\nto the resurrection of the body:\n<blockquote>Even though in this world the baptized is still moving toward his death,\nhe may be certain on the basis of his Baptism that he has already\nexperienced his death, for he has been given into Christ’s death.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"schlink\"><a id=\"fnref19\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn19\"><sup>19</sup></a></span>\n</blockquote>\nBaptism’s meaning is eschatological in the sense that while the believer\nremains bound to death in earthly life, God has won the last word over\ndeath. This becomes a source of constant hope for the believer, even in\nthe midst of suffering and death.\n<p>This connection between baptism, dying, and rising also appears in\nColossians 2:11-12: You are co-buried with Christ! In the synoptic\nGospels, as well, Jesus equates baptism with his journey to the cross in\nMark 10:38-39 and Luke 12:50. It is also important to read Paul’s use of\nbaptism in Rom. 6 within a larger context of dying and rising found,\nmost notably, in Galatians and II Corinthians; this context has been\nlacking in much interpretation of Rom. 6.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"tannehill1967\"><a id=\"fnref20\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn20\"><sup>20</sup></a></span>\nAccordingly, Paul’s discussion of baptism in Romans cannot be considered\na summation of his doctrine of baptism, but it does make clear the\nintimate connection to Christ’s death and resurrection. It bridges the\ngap between between the cross and the life of the believer:</p>\n<blockquote>[…] not because baptism repeats Christ’s death or enables it to be\npresent in some unique way, but because in baptism the destruction of\nthe old world and founding of the new which the cross brings about\nreaches its goal in the life of the believer.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"tannehill1967\"><a id=\"fnref21\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn21\"><sup>21</sup></a></span>\n</blockquote>\nTherefore baptism is the present reality of God’s past work in Christ\nand future redemption of the world. The past and future work of God come\ntogether in the believer’s present life. Death and resurrection are a\npresent reality for the baptized.\n<h3 id=\"a-rhythm-of-dying-and-rising\">A Rhythm of Dying and Rising</h3>\nFrom this insight flows the Lutheran concern for understanding baptism\nas a continuous and daily treasure. Luther, for example, always works to\nexpand the notion of baptism from a one-time rite to a life-long gift.\nWhile the initial rite baptism inaugurates the drowning of sin, it is\n“not fulfilled completely in this life.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"works35\"><a id=\"fnref22\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn22\"><sup>22</sup></a></span>\nIn baptism, God begins to bring about death to sin and life to faith,\nbut not until the end of earthly life is the work of baptism completed\nin the believer. The work of baptism is therefore ongoing and\neschatological. In baptism, God continues throughout life to overrule\nsin. “[I]t is daily being more and more destroyed in us until our\ndeath.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"works35\"><a id=\"fnref23\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn23\"><sup>23</sup></a></span>\nThe ever present reality of sin does not nullify baptism, but rather\nshows its purpose. Paradoxically, Luther can say that baptism “makes all\nsufferings, and especially death, profitable and helpful.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"works35\"><a id=\"fnref24\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn24\"><sup>24</sup></a></span>\nHow can baptism use evil for good? Baptism does not glorify suffering,\nevil, or violence, but speaks against them with work of the cross.\nBaptism does not prove that human suffering is redemptive, but in\nsuffering, it provides the assurance of Christian hope: that out of\ndeath, God brings life.\n<!-- % For as long as we live we are continually doing that which baptism signifies, that is, we die and rise again.[192][#luther1970] (BapCap) -->\n<p>According to Robert Kolb, baptism signifies a ‘rhythm of dying and\nrising.’ Through baptism the Lutheran lenses of Law (which kills) and\nGospel (which makes alive to God) enter daily life:</p>\n<blockquote>According to Luther, God introduced the rhythm of dying under the\naccusation of the law and rising under the power of Christ’s\nresurrection in baptism. That rhythm of life gives believers a new start\neach day, a start from the creative beginning that God gave life in the\nvery beginning, with the creation of the universe, and in the beginning\nof our new life in Christ, whenever his Word in one form or another\nbrought us into his family.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"kolbgenius\"><a id=\"fnref25\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn25\"><sup>25</sup></a></span>\n</blockquote>\n<!-- % re: baptized and buried with Christ in Rom. 6: \"We should note at once how quickly Paul jumps from a deep theological concept (union with Christ in his death) to talk of daily conduct.\" >>\n-->\n<p>The rhythm of dying to sin and rising to God takes place each day in the\nlife of the believer. God’s word does more than edify, it kills that\nwhich is false and raises that which is true. The connection between\ndying and rising with Christ and daily life is apparent in Rom. 6. Paul\nmoves immediately from theological concept to its implications for\nethical living.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"dunn1982\"><a id=\"fnref26\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn26\"><sup>26</sup></a></span>\nLong after the initial rite of baptism is over, this rhythm of dying and\nrising with Christ continues to bring daily life of service to God and\nneighbor out of the daily putting to death of sin.</p>\n<h3 id=\"baptism-as-theology-of-the-cross\">Baptism as Theology of the Cross</h3>\nFor Lutherans, the sacraments of baptism and communion promise to be\nvisible signs in which one could assuredly find the mercy of God. Unlike\nseeking the ‘invisible things of God in works’ of human origin, which\nLuther condemns in the Heidelberg Disputation, trust in baptism and\ncommunion ‘comprehends the visible and manifest things of God seen\nthrough suffering and the cross.’ And indeed, both baptism and communion\nare intimately connected with the cross – participation in the\ncross.<a id=\"fnref27\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn27\"><sup>27</sup></a>\nTherefore, Luther says, in baptism “we surely find and meet with [God’s]\ngrace.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"works51\"><a id=\"fnref28\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn28\"><sup>28</sup></a></span>\n<p>Baptism cannot be grasped by the wisdom of the world. It is not simply a\npromise of life; It is also a promise of death. What kind of wisdom is\n<em>that?</em> Baptism proclaims this foolishness, that in participating\nin Christ’s death, one will participate in his resurrection. To take\nthis promise seriously means to be at odds with reason and the human\ninstinct which avoids death at all costs. Put another way, because of\ncaptivity to sin, human nature cannot accept complete dependence on God\nand looks for a way around the cross. It looks for a way around death\nand therefore rejects Christ.</p>\n<p>Paradoxically, death to sin becomes the way in which the power of death\nis defeated. Baptism effects continual death to sin in the life of a\nChristian, and leading him or her to walk in newness of life. Through\nopposites, through weakness, God’s work is done in the baptized. Baptism\nmarks the radical reversal from trusting in good works to regarding them\nas evil. It brings death to all theologies of glory – it brings death to\nthe <em>theologian</em> of glory. By affirming this death as the key to\nnew life, it forces the theologian to ‘call the thing what it actually\nis.’</p>\n<p>Practically speaking, it can be difficult to hold to this type of\nteaching which proclaims the cross instead of glory. Not only are\nbaptism and the theology of the cross paradoxes, but they point to\nsuffering – not a well-received topic in pubic discourse. A modern day\ntheologian of the cross may well be nicknamed Reverend Killjoy. Luther\nanticipates this complaint in the Heidelberg disputation.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"forde1997\"><a id=\"fnref29\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn29\"><sup>29</sup></a></span>\nThe cross, he says, does not give cause for despair but for “arousing\nthe desire to humble oneself and seek the grace of Christ.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"lull\"><a id=\"fnref30\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn30\"><sup>30</sup></a></span>\nThe cross brings death where there is false hope in life – life apart\nfrom God. The cross corrects bad vision by attacking this false hope\nuntil the believer cries out with the Apostle Paul, “who will rescue me\nfrom this body of\ndeath?”<a id=\"fnref31\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn31\"><sup>31</sup></a>\nThanks be to God that Christ Jesus provides the answer: You must be born\nanew.<a id=\"fnref32\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn32\"><sup>32</sup></a>\nIn the Gospel of John, Jesus tells Nicodemus of the new birth received\nby faith. But because the inner theologian of glory is never far away,\nas Forde points out, Nicodemus even tries to take baptism (so to speak)\nunder his own control: “Can one enter a second time into the mother’s\nwomb and be born?”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"forde1997\"><a id=\"fnref33\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn33\"><sup>33</sup></a></span>\nNo. Baptism is of the Spirit, of God, and is not within human power.</p>\n<p>Most baptized Christians will quickly recognize that sin is indeed\npresent after baptism. Sin and baptism are understood together through\nthe theology of the cross. As Luther argued in the Heidelberg\nDisputation, the works of humanity, though seemingly good and\nattractive, are likely to be mortal sins. The sin which remains after\nbaptism ‘makes it impossible for any good works to be pure before\nGod.’<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"works35\"><a id=\"fnref34\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn34\"><sup>34</sup></a></span>\nBecause sin is ever present, no human work can ever be acceptable to\nGod. Thesis 24 of the Heidelberg Disputation acknowledges this fact –\nthat wisdom and the law are not evil <em>in themselves</em> but in\nhumanity’s misuse of them. Without the theology of the cross, humanity\n“misuses the best in the worst manner.”<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"lull\"><a id=\"fnref35\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn35\"><sup>35</sup></a></span>\nFinally, the problem is sin. The brokenness of humanity twists every\ngood toward evil. Thus Christians misuse scripture, damage creation, and\nuse God-given gifts to violate others’ human rights. The wisdom of the\nworld is not the problem; it’s the wise.</p>\n<p>The pervasive presence of sin doesn’t invalidate baptism, but rather\ndraws the sinner closer to it. For Luther, this means one should boldly\n‘hold fast’ to our baptism and ‘set it high’ against all sins.<span class=\"citation\" data-cites=\"works35\"><a id=\"fnref36\" class=\"footnote-ref\" href=\"#fn36\"><sup>36</sup></a></span>\nIn baptism, that sinner finds assurance of a loving God in the midst of\nsin and suffering. Against all questions and doubt, baptism speaks hope.\nThough sinful eyes distort vision until good appears bad and bad appears\ngood, baptism is a true revelation of who God is <em>for</em> the\nbeliever. Baptism saves. Luther would not say the sacrament in and of\nitself saves, but rather God’s work through it. It is strictly the work\nof God revealed through the cross that saves, and not –\n<em>especially</em> not – any human work, well-intentioned or otherwise.\nIn this, the sinner finds comfort.</p>\n<h3 id=\"life-from-death\">Life from Death</h3>\nBaptism is a daily sacrament of dying and rising. Baptism provides the\nantidote to every theology of glory: death. It is a revelation of the\ncross of Christ; life in the cross. In baptism Christians find continual\nparticipation in Christ’s death and resurrection – daily experience of\nLaw and Gospel – God’s word which drowns sinful nature, and brings to\nlife trust in a merciful God. God speaks the last word over sin and\ndeath, and gives faith in new life. Through baptism, this new life\ncontinuously springs up each day from death, that is, from the drowning\nof the ‘old creature,’ the theologian of glory. And God allows the\ntheologian of the cross to walk in newness of life. God’s word continues\nto work on the baptized, connecting them with the event of the cross,\nand preparing them for the future of God’s promise.\n<p>Theology of the cross is for every baptized person to do, not simply\nprofessional theologians. My purpose in connecting baptism with theology\nof the cross is not to glorify the <em>theology</em> itself. This would\nbe the greatest of sins; a devious attempt to replace faith in God with\nfaith in something else. I hope to have shown that through baptism, God\nraises up <em>theologians</em> of the cross: those who trust in God who\nbrings life from death.</p>\n<hr>\n<h3 id=\"bibliography\" class=\"unnumbered\">References</h3>\n<div id=\"refs\" class=\"references\" role=\"doc-bibliography\">\n<div id=\"ref-cousar\">\n<p>Cousar, Charles B. <em>A Theology of the Cross: The Death of Jesus in\nthe Pauline Letters</em>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-dunn1982\">\n<p>Dunn, James D. G. “Salvation Proclaimed, 6: Romans 6:1-11: Dead and\nAlive.” <em>Expository Times</em> 93, no. 9 (1982): 259–264.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-forde1997\">\n<p>Forde, Gerhard O. <em>On Being a Theologian of the Cross: Reflections on\nLuther’s Heidelberg Disputation, 1518</em>. Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B.\nEerdmans, 1997.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-kolbcross\">\n<p>Kolb, Robert. “Luther on the Theology of the Cross.” <em>Lutheran\nQuarterly</em> 16, no. 1 (2002): 443–466.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-kolbgenius\">\n<p>Kolb, Robert, and Charles P. Arand. <em>The Genius of Luther’s Theology:\nA Wittenberg Way of Thinking for the Contemporary Church</em>. Grand\nRapids, Mich.: Baker Academic, 2008.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-boc\">\n<p>Kolb, Robert, Timothy J. Wengert, and Charles P. Arand. <em>The Book of\nConcord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church</em>.\nMinneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-loew\">\n<p>Loewenich, Walther von. <em>Luther’s Theology of the Cross</em>.\nMinneapolis: Augsburg Pub. House, 1976.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-works35\">\n<p>Luther, Martin. <em>Luther’s Works, Vol. 35</em>. Edited by Jaroslav\nPelikan and Helmut T. Lehmann. American edition. Saint Louis: Concordia,\n1986.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-works51\">\n<p>———. <em>Luther’s Works, Vol. 51</em>. Edited by Jaroslav Pelikan and\nHelmut T. Lehmann. American edition. Saint Louis: Concordia, 1986.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-luther1970\">\n<p>———. <em>Three Treatises</em>. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: Fortress\nPress, 1970.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-lull\">\n<p>Luther, Martin, and Timothy F Lull. <em>Martin Luther’s Basic\nTheological Writings</em>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1989.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-pannenberg\">\n<p>Pannenberg, Wolfhart. “A Theology of the Cross.” <em>Word &amp;\nWorld</em> 8 (1988): 162–72.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-root2009\">\n<p>Root, Andrew. “A Theology of the Cross and Ministry in Our Time: How Do\nYou Call a Thing What It Is When You Don’t Know What the Thing Is?.”\n<em>Dialog: A Journal of Theology</em> 48, no. 2 (2009): 187–193.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-schlink\">\n<p>Schlink, Edmund. <em>The Doctrine of Baptism</em>. Saint Louis:\nConcordia Pub. House, 1972.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-tannehill1967\">\n<p>Tannehill, Robert C. <em>Dying and Rising with Christ: A Study in\nPauline Theology</em>. Vol. 32. Beiheft zur zeitschrift für die\nneutestamentliche wissenschaft und die kunde der Älteren kirche. Berlin:\nTöpelmann, 1967.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-wengertpeace\">\n<p>Wengert, Timothy J. “Peace, Peace … Cross, Cross: Reflections on how\nMartin Luther Relates the Theology of the Cross to Suffering.”\n<em>Theology Today</em> 59, no. 2 (2002): 190–205.</p>\n</div>\n<div id=\"ref-wengert\">\n<p>Wengert, Timothy J. <em>Martin Luther’s Catechisms: Forming the\nFaith</em>. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2009.</p>\n</div>\n</div>\n<section class=\"footnotes\">\n<hr>\n<ol>\n \t<li id=\"fn1\">Gerhard O. Forde, <em>On Being a Theologian of the Cross: Reflections on\nLuther’s Heidelberg Disputation, 1518</em> (Grand Rapids, Mich.: W.B.\nEerdmans, 1997), 19.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref1\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn2\">See John 14:9.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref2\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn3\">Robert Kolb, “Luther on the Theology of the Cross,” <em>Lutheran\nQuarterly</em> 16, no. 1 (2002):\n446.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref3\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn4\">Martin Luther and Timothy F Lull, <em>Martin Luther’s Basic Theological\nWritings</em> (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1989),\n49.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref4\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn5\">Ibid., 58.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref5\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn6\">Ibid., 58.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref6\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn7\">Kolb, “Luther on the Theology of the Cross,”\n449.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref7\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn8\">Andrew Root, “A Theology of the Cross and Ministry in Our Time: How Do\nYou Call a Thing What It Is When You Don’t Know What the Thing Is?.”\n<em>Dialog: A Journal of Theology</em> 48, no. 2 (2009):\n190.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref8\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn9\">Forde, <em>On Being a Theologian of the Cross</em>,\n80.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref9\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn10\">Luther is not strictly following the traditional teaching on mortal\nversus venial sins. Following Forde (1997, p. 33), a ‘mortal sin’ may be\ntaken as a ‘deadly sin’ in that its ‘apparent goodness is such that it\nseduces us into trusting in it and our own doing of it,’ thus denying\nGod.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref10\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn11\">Luther and Lull, <em>Martin Luther’s Basic Theological Writings</em>,\n48.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref11\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn12\">See I Cor 1:18-21<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref12\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn13\">Robert Kolb, Timothy J. Wengert, and Charles P. Arand, <em>The Book of\nConcord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church</em>\n(Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000),\n457.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref13\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn14\">Edmund Schlink, <em>The Doctrine of Baptism</em> (Saint Louis: Concordia\nPub. House, 1972), 44.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref14\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn15\">Romans 6:3–4 (NRSV)<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref15\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn16\">Ibid., 50.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref16\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn17\">Robert C. Tannehill, <em>Dying and Rising with Christ: A Study in\nPauline Theology</em>, vol. 32, Beiheft zur zeitschrift für die\nneutestamentliche wissenschaft und die kunde der Älteren kirche (Berlin:\nTöpelmann, 1967), 30.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref17\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn18\">Schlink, <em>The Doctrine of Baptism</em>,\n51.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref18\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn19\">Ibid., 53.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref19\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn20\">Tannehill, <em>Dying and Rising with Christ</em>,\n32:7.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref20\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn21\">Ibid., 32:42.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref21\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn22\">Martin Luther, <em>Luther’s Works, Vol. 35</em>, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan\nand Helmut T. Lehmann, American edition. (Saint Louis: Concordia, 1986),\n30.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref22\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn23\">Ibid., 35.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref23\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn24\">Ibid., 39.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref24\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn25\">Robert Kolb and Charles P. Arand, <em>The Genius of Luther’s Theology: A\nWittenberg Way of Thinking for the Contemporary Church</em> (Grand\nRapids, Mich.: Baker Academic, 2008),\n195–196.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref25\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn26\">James D. G. Dunn, “Salvation Proclaimed, 6: Romans 6:1-11: Dead and\nAlive.” <em>Expository Times</em> 93, no. 9 (1982):\n262–263.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref26\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn27\">See Rom. 6:4 and I Cor. 10:16 for\nexample.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref27\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn28\">Martin Luther, <em>Luther’s Works, Vol. 51</em>, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan\nand Helmut T. Lehmann, American edition. (Saint Louis: Concordia, 1986),\n328.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref28\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn29\">Forde, <em>On Being a Theologian of the Cross</em>,\n63.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref29\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn30\">Luther and Lull, <em>Martin Luther’s Basic Theological Writings</em>,\n49.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref30\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn31\">Rom. 7:24<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref31\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn32\">John 3:7<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref32\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn33\">Forde, <em>On Being a Theologian of the Cross</em>,\n99.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref33\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn34\">Luther, <em>Luther’s Works, Vol. 35</em>,\n36.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref34\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn35\">Luther and Lull, <em>Martin Luther’s Basic Theological Writings</em>,\n49.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref35\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n \t<li id=\"fn36\">Luther, <em>Luther’s Works, Vol. 35</em>,\n36.<a class=\"footnote-back\" href=\"#fnref36\">↩︎</a>\n</li>\n</ol>\n</section>\n",
        "date_published": "2010-09-16T12:06:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2010/09/16/baptism-and-the-cross.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2010/03/20/clint-eastwood-and-mass-culture.html",
        "title": "Clint Eastwood and Mass Culture",
        "content_html": "<p>On the movies of Clint Eastwood, by <em>The New Yorker:</em></p>\n<blockquote>“Mass culture is a machine for showing desire,” Roland Barthesnwrote. It’s also a machine for expressing resentment, a frustrationnof desire. Harry Callahan is lonely, hard, intolerant. Eastwood became npopular, in part, because he allowed people to dream that they couldnbe effective without being nice.</blockquote>\nWhat does our mass culture desire today? Winning arguments and passingnjudgment according to cable news and reality television…\n",
        "date_published": "2010-03-20T05:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2010/03/20/clint-eastwood-and-mass-culture.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2010/03/13/free-speech-free-will.html",
        "title": "Free Speech, Free Will",
        "content_html": "<p>Legally we have free speech, but in reality, it’s anything but free. Our\npublic communication is captive to sin and it cannot free itself, even\non the web—which is touted as the most democratic system of\ncommunication invented. But by human nature, our communication always\nbends towards evil.</p>\n<p>Sound dramatic?</p>\n<p>When anonymous feedback is allowed on heavily visited sites, it doesn’t\ntake long for the racism, bigotry and\n<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin%27s_law\">Hitler</a> references to\nappear—buried just beneath the main article. More subltly: a church’s\ncommitment to articulate a particular moral belief might end up\nalienating those most in need of its support. In other words, we\ninvariably fail to communicate perfectly. The multiplication of tools\nfor communicating online doesn’t reduce the risk, it increases the risk\nthat we fail to live up to our name—at a larger scale. Let’s be honest\nabout this…</p>\n<p>Our gift, then is editing, moderation, and most importantly:\nforgiveness!</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2010-03-13T01:02:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2010/03/13/free-speech-free-will.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2010/03/13/message-and-medium.html",
        "title": "Message and Medium",
        "content_html": "<p>We can use the growing resources of electronic communication to bring\nthe gospel message to many who have not heard. But we need to\ninvestigate the <em>message</em> and the <em>medium</em>. Because this isn’t about\nproducing electronic tracts. That would be called <em>spam</em>. This is about\n<em>real</em> connections that draw us to <em>real</em> relationships that, put\ntogether, represent God’s work in this particular place, in this\nparticular time.</p>\n<p>We can’t pretend the Internet doesn’t exist. It does; at least for those\npeople living in developing nations. We also can’t assume that\nChristians have a monopoly on this new medium, as we did with past\ntechnological advances. We don’t. And thank God that Christendom is\nover. But between naiveté and arrogance, Christians are called to engage\nthese new electronic tools and work that they may be used justly and\neffectively.</p>\n<p>We may even have something to say about how our new tools should be used\nfor the better. But first we need to learn what it all this means for\ndoing ministry—the same ministry that the church has always done.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2010-03-13T01:01:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2010/03/13/message-and-medium.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      },
      {
        "id": "http://kwlblt.micro.blog/2010/03/13/net-full-of-fish.html",
        "title": "Net Full of Fish",
        "content_html": "<blockquote>Just after daybreak, Jesus stood on the beach; but the disciples did\nnot know that it was Jesus. Jesus said to them, “Children, you have no\nfish, have you?” They answered him, “No.” He said to them, “Cast the\nnet to the right side of the boat, and you will find some.” So they\ncast it, and now they were not able to haul it in because there were\nso many fish.\n<p><em>John 21:4-6</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n<h2 id=\"internet-full-of-fish\">Internet full of fish</h2>\nIt was inevitable that the single most profound technological revolution\nof the 20th century would eventually be mentioned in conversation with\nthe Christian Gospel. It’s a meeting of a Christian’s most urgent\ncommunication—the good news of Jesus Christ—with this century’s most\nadvanced medium—the Internet.\n<p>Like the Gutenberg revolution, though, the advancement of the Internet\nis not simply by degree over traditional media, but rather by radical\nchange to the way Western society works, plays, and even thinks.</p>\n<p>Strictly speaking, as a medium, the Internet cannot ensure value. Those\nthings that are most important to us are still contained in the\nmessage—wherever that message may be found. In the quoted verse, the\ndisciples have a net. Sure, it’s not an <em>inter</em>net, but I trust you’ll\nforgive the wordplay. The net alone, though, was not enough to catch\nfish. The disciples followed Jesus to fill their net with fish.</p>\n<h2 id=\"where-are-the-fish\">Where are the fish?</h2>\nAs our recent generations of disciples have begun using the Internet,\nthey’ve also discovered disappointment. Despite its increasing ubiquity\nin our society, the net does not provide all the fish it promises. Many\nchurches have invested in the Internet with hopes that it will provide\nnew relationships and a generation of members that has been missing from\ntheir pews. Instead of nets full of fish, many churches find their\nInternet presence dwindling and lifeless. Our web sites may even be\ndiligently maintained, but what fish are we finding?\n<p>What are we called to <em>do</em> with our Internet?</p>\n<p>Jesus called the disciples in the boat ‘children.’ After reading any\nnumber of anonymous ‘comments’ on a public site like YouTube, you’ll\nprobably agree the label still fits. Like any new technology, the\nInternet has multiplied the ways in which we communicate, but it has by\nno means taught us how to communicate <em>better</em>. As it becomes harder and\nharder for us to avoid the Internet, we are more and more called to work\non communicating authentically in this new medium. We have a lot to\nlearn. Before we cast our new nets to the sea, let’s think about using\nthem responsibly. Let’s listen for direction.</p>\n<h2 id=\"you-will-find-some\">“You will find some.”</h2>\nIf we put our faith in our new net alone, we will be disappointed.\nWithout centering our work in the Gospel, the energy we put into making\nour place on the Internet will be wasted. The promise of an online\nchurch, free of walls and limitations is empty and dangerous. The last\nthing we need is a <em>virtual</em> church. But for those who humbly take up\ntheir nets, listening for the voice of Jesus, the promise is there, “you\nwill find some.” We will know we’ve learned to use our new technology\nappropriately when our nets are full of fish.\n<p>And then our real work begins.</p>\n",
        "date_published": "2010-03-13T01:00:00-04:00",
        "url": "https://netfull.org/2010/03/13/net-full-of-fish.html",
        "tags": ["Uncategorized","Article"]
      }
  ]
}
